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Expression of Ideas / Rhetorical Synthesis Difficulty: Hard

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

  • Political scientist Graham Allison is known for his Thucydides trap theory.
  • Allison’s theory states that whenever “a rising power is threatening to displace a ruling power,” conflict is likely.
  • The theory is based on Thucydides’s explanation of the conflict between Athens and Sparta.
  • Thucydides wrote that “the rise of Athens and the fear this instilled in Sparta” made conflict “inevitable.”
  • History professor Edmund Stewart recently challenged the historical basis of the theory.
  • Stewart claimed that Athens was not a rising power and that the rivals experienced a “clash of cultures” instead.

The student wants to use a quotation to challenge Thucydides’s explanation of the conflict between Athens and Sparta. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

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Explanation

Choice C is the best answer. Using a quotation from Stewart, the sentence challenges Thucydides’s explanation that the rise of Athens caused the conflict, suggesting that it was instead caused by a "clash of cultures."

Choice A is incorrect. While the sentence uses a quotation, the quotation doesn’t challenge Thucydides’s explanation of the conflict. Choice B is incorrect. While the sentence mentions that Stewart challenged Thucydides’s explanation of the conflict, it doesn’t use a quotation to challenge Thucydides’s explanation: the quoted word "inevitable" is from Thucydides. Choice D is incorrect. While the sentence appears to refute Thucydides’s explanation, it does so in a way that misrepresents the information in the notes; Allison’s Thucydides trap theory is based on Thucydides’s explanation of the conflict. Thus, Allison’s theory affirms, rather than challenges, Thucydides’s explanation.